Readings in Educational Psychology
for Teachers of Adults

Developed by: W. Huitt
Last Modified: April 2019

Overview

• Brookfield, S. (1995). Adult learning: An overview. In A. Tuinjman (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford, Pergamon Press. Retrieved February 2004 from http://www.ict.mic.ul.ie/adult_ed/overview.htm
• Conlan. J., Grabowski, S., & Smith, K. (2003). Adult learning. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Athens, GA: Department of Educational Psychology and Instructional Technology, University of Georgia. Retrieved May 2007, from http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Adult_Learning
• Conner, M. (2004). Andragogy + Pedagogy. Retrieved December 2006, from http://agelesslearner.com/intros/andragogy.html
• Conner, M. (2004). How adults learn. Ageless Learner. Retrieved December 2004, from http://agelesslearner.com/intros/adultlearning.html
• Hensley, D., Maher, P., Passmore, D. (2001). Conversations with long-time adult educators. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Michigan State University, June 1-3. Retrieved March 2002, http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2001/2001hensley.htm
• Hunt, C. (2000). Wyrd questions: Re-framing adult/community education. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/huntc2-web.htm
• Reischmann, J. (1999, November 11): Adult education in Germany: Roots, status, mainstreams, changes. Bamberg, Germany: University of Bamburg. Retrieved November 2010, from http://www.unibamberg.de/fileadmin/andragogik/08/andragogik/AdultEducationinGermany.pdf
• Smith. M. (1998). Adult educational psychology: The interface between adult learning, development, and education. Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.cedu.niu.edu/~smith/Unpubs/Adult_ed_psyc.doc
• Smith, M. (1996; 1999) 'Andragogy', the encyclopaedia of informal education. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.infed.org/lifelonglearning/b-andra.htm
• Smith, M. (2005). Adult education. The encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.infed.org/lifelonglearning/b-adedgn.htm

Research Methods

• Armstrong, P. (1998). Stories adult learners tell …Recent research on how and why adults learn. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, San Antonio, May 13-15. Retrieved March 2002, http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1998/98armstrong.htm
• Brew, A. (1998). Qualitatively different conceptions of research: Implications for adult education research. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, San Antonio, May 13-15. Retrieved March 2002, http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1998/98brew.htm
• Brooks, A., & Clark, C. (2001). Narrative dimensions of transformative learning. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Michigan State University, June 1-3. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2001/2001brooks.htm
• Caffarella, R., & Merriam, S. (1999). Perspectives on adult learning: Framing our research. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Northern Illinois University, May 21-23. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1999/99caffarella.htm
• Comings, J., Beder, H., Bingman, B., Reder, S., & Smith, C. (2003). Establishing an evidence-based adult education system. Cambridge, MA: National Center for the Study of Adult Literacy, Harvard Graduate School of Education. Retrieved January 2010, from http://www.ncsall.net/fileadmin/resources/research/op_comings3.pdf
• McIntyre, J., & Solomon, N. (2000). Questioning research as a contextual practice. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, fromhttp://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/mcintyrej&solomonn-web.htm
• Renner, P. (2001). Evocative narrative as educational research. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Michigan State University, June 1-3. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2001/2001renner.htm

Needs and Desired Outcomes of Adult Learners

• Brown, B. (1998). Learning styles and vocational education practice. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.calpro-online.org/eric/docs/pab00007.pdf
• Conti, G., & Kolody, R. (1999). The relationship of learning strategy preference and personality type. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Northern Illinois University, May 21-23. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1999/99conti.htm
• Duchesne, R. (1997). Critical thinking, developmental learning, and adaptive flexibility in organizational leaders. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma,May 16-18. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1997/97duchesne.htm
• Parent, E. (2000). Application of a living systems perspective on human experience: An educational model for life planning and change. San Diego: University of California, San Diego. Retrieved March 2002, from http://weber.ucsd.edu/%7Eeparent/part2/paper2.html
• Taylor, R. (1997). Innovation as knowledge and learning. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma, May 16-18. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1997/97taylor2.htm

Developmental Issues

• Brown, B. (2001). Women and minorities in high-tech careers (Digest #226). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=digests&ID=113
• Daley, B. (1998). Novice to expert: How do professionals learn? Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, San Antonio, May 13-15. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1998/98daley.htm
• Imel, S. (1998). Transformative learning in adulthood. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. [ED423426] Retrieved February 2004, from http://www.calpro-online.org/ERIC/docgen.asp?tbl=digests&ID=53
• Imel, S. (2000). Change: Connections to adult learning and education (Digest #221). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved February 2004 from http://www.calpro-online.org/ERIC/docgen.asp?tbl=digests&ID=106
• Imel, S. (2001). Adult development (Trends and Issues Alert No. 22). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=tia&ID=144
• Kerka, S. (2000a). Parenting and career development (Digest #214). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=digests&ID=100
• Lachman, M., & Agrigoroaei, S. (2010, October 11). Promoting functional health in midlife and old age: Long-term protective effects of control beliefs, social support, and physical exercise. Open Acess. Retrieved November 2010, from http://www.midus.wisc.edu/findings/pdfs/845.pdf
• Rubenson, K. (1998). Adults’ readiness to learn: Questioning lifelong learning for all. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, San Antonio, May 13-15. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1998/98rubenson.htm
• Withnall, A. (2000). Older learners: Issues and perspectives. Working Paper of the Global Colloquium on Supporting Lifelong Learning [online], Milton Keynes, UK: Open University. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.open.ac.uk/lifelong-learning/papers/392BB376-000D-5D44-0000015700000157_Paper-AWithnallupdated.doc

Success in the 21st Century

• Huitt, W. (1999). The SCANS report revisited. Paper delivered at the Fifth Annual Gulf South Business and Vocational Education Conference, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, April 18. Retrieved January 2010, from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/scanspap.html
• Huitt, W. (2007). Success in the conceptual age. Success in the Conceptual Age: Another paradigm shift. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Georgia Educational Research Association, Savannah, GA, October 26. Retrieved January 2010, from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/conceptual_age_s.doc
• Huitt, W. (2011, July). A holistic view of education and schooling: Guiding students to develop capacities, acquire virtues, and provide service. Revision of paper presented at the 12th Annual International Conference sponsored by the Athens Institute for Education and Research (ATINER), May 24-27, Athens, Greece. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/holistic-view-of-schooling-rev.pdf
• Huitt, W. (2017, June). A phase change: Forces, trends, and themes in the human sociocultural milieu (revised). Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved June 2017, from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/2017-huitt-a-phase-change.pdf  

Learning Theory: Overview

• Chapman, V. (1998). Adult education and the body: Changing performances of teaching and learning. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, San Antonio, May 13-15. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1998/98chapman.htm
• Conlan, J., Grabowski, S., & Smith, K.. (2003). Adult Learning. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Retrieved December 2009, from http://projects.coe.uga.edu/epltt/
• Imel, S. (1995). Inclusive adult learning environments (Digest #162). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.calpro-online.com/ERIC/docgen.asp?tbl=archive&ID=A009
• Imel, S. (1999). New views of adult learning (Trends and Issues Alert No. 5). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.cete.org/acve/docs/tia00073.pdf
• Learnativity. (2002). A primer on educational psychology. Retrieved April 2002, from http://www.learnativity.com/edpsych.html
• Mezirow, J. (1999). Transformation theory-Postmodern issues. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Northern Illinois University, May 21-23. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1999/99mezirow.htm
• Russell, S. (2006). An overview of adult learning processes. WebMD. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/547417_1
• Smout, I. (2001). Learning and adult education (Chapter 2). In Information design and distance learning for international development. Master's Thesis at Loughbourgh Univeristy, Leicestershire, United Kingdom. Retrieved May 2002, from http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/cv/wedc/publications/iddlid/02-learning-and-education.pdf
• Spurgeon, L., & Moore, G. (1997). The educational philosophies of training and development professors, leaders, and practioners. The Journal of Technology Studies, XXIII(2), 11-19.. Retrieved December 2002, from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/Summer-Fall-1997/PDF/3-Spurgeon.pdf
• Trivette, C., Dunst, C., Hamby, D., & O'Herin, C. (2009). Characteristics and consequences of adult learning methods and strategies. Research Brief, 3(1). Retrieved May 2010, from http://tnt.asu.edu/files/AdultLearning_rev7-04-09.pdf

Learning Theory: Behavioral Theory

• Burton, J., Moore, D. M., & Magliaro, S. (2001). Behaviorism and instructional technology. In D. Jonasson (Ed.), The Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology. Bloomington, IN: The Association of Communications and Technology. Retrieved April 2002, from http://www.aect.org/Intranet/Publications/edtech/02/index.html
• Grant , L. (1996). Positive reinforcement: A self-instructional exercise. Athabasca, Alberta, Canada: Athabasca University. Retrieved from http://server.bmod.athabascau.ca/html/prtut/reinpair.htm
• Tucker-Ladd, C. (1996). Introduction to learning (Chapter 4). In Psychological self-help. Springfield, IL: Mental Health Net. Retrieved May 2002, from http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap4/chap4b.htm#a

Learning Theory: Cognitive Theory

• Aronson, D. (1996). Walking the "mindfield": How systemic thinking helps avoid common fallacies in thinking and action. Thinking Page. Retrieved April 2002, from http://www.thinking.net/Cognition/cognition.html#MindfieldBeginning
• Brookfield, S. (2000). Adult cognition as a dimension of lifelong learning. In J. Field & M. Leiceister (Eds.), Lifelong learning: Education across the lifespan. Philadelphia: Falmer Press. Retrieved March 2002, http://www.open.ac.uk/lifelong-learning/papers/393CD0DF-000B-67DB-0000015700000157_StephenBrookfieldpaper.doc
• Daley, (1997). Creating mosaics: The interrelationships between knowledge and context. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma,May 16-18. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1997/97daley.htm
• Kasworm, C. (1999). Adult meaning making in the undergraduate classroom. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Northern Illinois University, May 21-23. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1999/99kasworm.htm
• Kerka, S. (2000b). Multiple intelligences and adult education (Trends and Issues Alert No. 17). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=tia&ID=139
• Kritskaya, O., & Dirkx, J. (2000). Mediating meaning-making: The process of symbolic action in transformative pedagogy. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/kritskayao&dirkxj-web.htm
• Taylor, E. (1997). Implicit memory and transformative learning theory: Unconscious cognition. Vancouver, Canada: 38th Annual Proceedings of Adult Education Research Conference. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1997/97taylor1.htm
• Yang, B. (1998). Examining the dynamic relationships among three facets of knowledge: A holistic view. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, San Antonio, May 13-15. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1998/98yang.htm

Learning Theory: Humanistic Theory

• Cooper, M. K. (1997). The politics of humanism: Defining educational philosophy and it's role in adult educational practice. Paper presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing and Community Education Michigan State University, October 15-17. Retrieved December 2007, from http://www.iupui.edu/~adulted/mwr2p/prior/cooper.htm
• Hiemstra, R., & Brockett, R. (1994). From behaviorism to humanism: Incorporating self-direction in learning concepts into the instructional design process. In H. B. Long & Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma. Retrieved December 2006, from http://home.twcny.rr.com/hiemstra/sdlhuman.html
• Pearson, E., & Podeschi, R. (1997). Humanism and individualism: Maslow and his critics. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma,May 16-18. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1997/97pearson.htm
• Smith, M. (1996). Humanistic orientations to learning. The encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved May 2008, from http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-humanistic.htm
• Smith, M. (2002). Malcolm Knowles, informal adult education, self-direction, and andragogy. The encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved May 2008, from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-knowl.htm

Social Cognitive Theory

• Imel, S. (2000). Contextual learning in adult education. (Practice Application Brief No. 12). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.calpro-online.org/eric/docs/pab00021.pdf
• Marsick, V., & Kasl, E. (1997). Factors that affect the epistemology of group learning: A research-based analysis. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma, May 16-18. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1997/97marsick.htm
• Stein, D. (1998). Situated learning in adult education (Digest #195). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-3/adult-education.html

Learning Theory: Transformational

• Taylor, E. (1998). The theory and practice of transformational learning: A critical review. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved December 2009, from http://www.calpro-online.org/eric/docs/taylor/taylor_00.pdf
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
  • Chapter 2: Transformative Learning Theory--An Overview
  • Chapter 3: A Review of Theoretical and Empirical Literature--Unresolved Issues
  • Chapter 4: Fostering Transformative Learning: The Practice of Transformative Pedagogy
  • Appendix A: Practices of Transformative Pedagogy
  • Appendix B: Overview of the Empirical Studies of Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory
  • References

Adult Learning: Motivation

• Huitt, W. (2011). Motivation to learn: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/motivation/motivate.html
• Semmar, Y. (2006). Adult learners and academic achievement: The roles of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and motivation. Doha, Qatar: University of Qatar. Retrieved November 2006, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/32/a3/45.pdf

Spirituality in the Workplace

• Ahl, H. (2006). Motivation in adult education: A problem solver or a euphemism for direction and control?. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 25(5), 385-405. Retrieved January 2010, from http://www.hj.se/upload_dir/635503f9cb994a7f10744a81ce2e6a88.pdf
• Houde, J. (2006). Andragogy and motivation: An examination of the principles of andragogy through two motivation theories. Paper presented at the Academy of Human Resource Development International Conference (AHRD), Columbus, OH, February 22-26. Retrieved from http://www.lindenwood.edu/education/andragogy/andragogy/2011/Houde_2006.pdf
• Rhodes, K. (2006). Six components of a model for workplace spirituality. Graziadio Business Review, 9(2). Retrieved December 2006, from http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/six-components-of-a-model-for-workplace-spirituality/
• Tisdell, E. (2001). Spirituality in adult and higher education. ERIC Digest. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.ericdigests.org/2002-3/adult.htm

Instructional Methods

• Baptiste, I., Lalley, K., Milacci, F. & Mushi, H. (2001). Anatomy of adults' learning experiences: A phenomenological inquiry. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Michigan State University, June 1-3. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2001/2001baptiste.htm
• Conti, G., Kolody, R., & Schneider, B. (1997). Learning strategies in the corporate setting. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, Stillwater, Oklahoma, May 16-18. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/1997/97conti.htm
• DeMartino, D. (1999). Employing adult education principles in instructional design. Paper presented at the 10th Annual Society for Informational Technology Conference, San Antonio, TX, February 28-March 4. Retrieved December 2002, from http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/11/98/18.pdf
• Imel, S. (1998). Teaching critical reflection (Trends and Issues Alert). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=tia&ID=125
• Fenwick, T., & Hutton, S. (2000). Women crafting new work: The learning of women entrepreneurs. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/fenwickthuttons1-web.htm
• Hawke, G. (2000). Factors influencing active learning in small enterprises. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/hawke1-web.htm
• Nesbit, T. (2000). Cultures of teaching. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/nesbitt-web.htm
• Norman, R. (2000). Cultivating imagination in adult education. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/normanr-web.htm
• Pratt, D., & Collins, J. (2000). The Teaching Perspectives Inventory (TPI). Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/prattd&collinsj-web.htm
• Shields, R., Aaron, D., & Wall, S. (2002). What is Kolb's model of experiential education and where does it come from? In D. Schugurensky, Questions and answers on adult education. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.wier.ca/~%20daniel_schugurensky/faqs/qa8.html
• Zemke, R., & Zemke, S. (1984). 30 things we know for sure about adult learning. Innovation Abstracts, 6(8). Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/adults-3.htm

Higher Education and Adult Learning

• Knowles, M. (1988). What is andragogy? (Chapter 4). In The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy (pp. 40-59). (Rev. ed.) Cambridge Book Company. https://colllearning.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/The-Modern-Practice-of-Adult-Education.pdf
• Loeng, S. (2018). Various ways of understanding the concept of androgogy. Cogent Education, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1496643
• Ozuah, P. (2005). First, there was pedagogy and then came andragogy. Einstein Journal of Biological Medicine, 21, 83-87. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235995148.pdf
• Taylor, B., & Kroth, M. (2009). Androgogy's transition into the future: Meta-analysis of andragogy and its search for a measurable instrument. Journal of Adult Education, 38(1), 1-11. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ891073.pdf
• Spelt, E., Biemans, H., Tobi, H., Luning, P., & Mulder, M. (2009). Teaching and learning in interdisciplinary higher education: A systematic review. Educational Psychology Review, 21, 365-378. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9113-z

Technology Issues

• Dewar, T. (1996). Adult learning online. Calgary, Alberta, CA: Calliope Learning. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.telusplanet.net/public/tddewar/oned2.html
• Fidishun, D. (2000). Andragogy and technology: Integrating adult learning theory as we teach with technology. Paper presented at the Mid-South Instructional Technology Conference, Murfreesboro, TN, April 10-11. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.mtsu.edu/~itconf/proceed00/fidishun.htm
• Frey, B., & Alman, S.  (2001). Lessons learned from online graduate students. Paper presented at the Teaching Online in Higher Education Online Conference. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.ipfw.edu/as/tohe/2001/Papers/frey.htm
• Hill, R. (1997). Theories of adult learning, teaching, and development as applied to the learning and teaching of fundamentals and multimedia. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland. Retrieved May 2002, from http://usrwww.mpx.com.au/~robchill/Resume/ED817fP1.html
• Imel, S. (2001). Learning technologies in adult education. (Myths and realities No. 17). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=mr&ID=107
• Jensen, L. (1998). Adult learning theory: Implications for distance learning. Paper written for EMC 598, Arizona State University. Retrieved March 2002, from http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/~mcisaac/disted/final98/finallj.html
• King, K. (2000). Educational technology that transforms: Educators' transformational learning experiences in professional development. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/kingk-web.htm
• Mott, V. (2000). The promise–and peril–of web-based course delivery in adult and continuing education. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/mottv-web.htm

Assessment & Evaluation

• Brown, B. (1997). Portfolio assessment: Missing links in student evaluation. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=tia&ID=106
• Federal Highway Administration. (2004). Level II evaluation. Arlington, VA: Author. Retrieved December 2006, from http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/docs/Level%20II%20Evaluation%20Document.pdf
• Kerka, S. (1995). Techniques for authentic assessment (Practice application brief). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=pab&ID=69
• Jones, D. (2000). Towards a generic approach to assessment in adult and continuing education. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/jonesd-web.htm
• Kicken, W., Brand-Gruwel, S., Van Merrienboer, J., & Slot, W. (2009). The effects of portfolio-based advice on the development of self-directed learning skills in secondary vocational education. Education, Technology, Research, and Development, 57(4), 439-460. Retrieved from http://dspace.ou.nl/bitstream/1820/2208/1/Submission%20Kicken%20et%20al%20%20ETRD.pdf

Adult Programs

• Billington, D. (2000). Seven characteristics of highly effective adult learning programs. Seattle: New Horizons for Learning. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.newhorizons.org/article_billington1.html
• Bingham, B. with W. Ebert. (2001). How are we doing? An inquiry guide for adult education programs. Cambridge, MA: The National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy (NCSALL). Retrieved March 2002, from http://gseweb.harvard.edu/~ncsall/teach/inquiry_guide.pdf
• Bloomer, T. (2001). Adult learning at Defense Systems Management College (DSMC). Ft. Belvoir, VA. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.dsmc.dsm.mil/epmc/adult.htm
• Brown, B. (1998). Tech prep: Is it working? Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse: Adult, Career, and Vocational Education. Retrieved March 2002, from http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=mr&ID=67
Houston-Knopff, R. (2009). Mutual accountability and adult literacy. Connecting the Dots: Accountability and Adult Literacy. Retrieved January 2010, from http://www.literacyandaccountability.ca/File/CTD_ResearchBrief_Mutual%20Accountability_oct_2009.pdf
• Mancuso, S. (2000). Adult learner-centered institutions: Best practices for the 21^st century. Paper presented at the Annual Adult Education and Research Conference, University of British Columbia, June 2-4. Retrieved March 2002, from http://www.edst.educ.ubc.ca/aerc/2000/mancusos-web.htm

Basic Texts:

• Brookfield, S. (1991). Understanding and facilitating adult learning: A comprehensive analysis of principles and effective practices. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. [excerpt]
• Cross, K. P. (1981). Adults as learners: Increasing participation and facilitating learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Knowles, M.(1988). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy (Rev. ed.). Wilton, Conn.: Association Press. [excerpt]
• Knowles, M., Holton, E., & Swanson, R. (2000). The adult learner: The definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (5th ed.). Woburn, MA: Gulf Professional Publishing Co. [excerpt]
• Knowles, M. (1988). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. New York: Cambridge Book Co.
• Merriam, S., & Caffarella, R. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.